In the critical period when countries around the world are actively responding to the “Fourth Industrial Revolution”, craftsmanship has returned to the whole society and been injected with new connotation of the times. “What is craftsmanship and how to cultivate craftsmanship” has become an important topic of concern to the whole society. This paper defines the concept of craftsmanship from the perspective of self-determination theory. Craftsmanship is a conscious behavior produced in the professional process, based on superb skills, to achieve professional responsibility and value in the pursuit of excellence and continuous pursuit of excellence. It clarifies the core connotation of craftsmanship which are exquisite skills, excellence, and professional significance from three new perspectives, namely, ability level, behavior attitude, and value orientation.Through rigorous processes, a 15-item Craftsman Spirit Scale was developed.On the basis of solving the problem of effectively measuring craftsmanship, the paper puts forward some suggestions on cultivating craftsmanship from the perspective of the core connotation of craftsmanship.