Clarifying the nature of the ecological environmental damage compensation litigation is the basic prerequisite for constructing the ecological environmental damage compensation system. Regarding the nature of ecological environmental damage compensation litigation, there are theories of special environmental civil public interest litigation, national interest litigation, private interest litigation, mixed litigation, special litigation in the academic community. The protection object of the ecological environmental damage compensation system is the ecological environment, not natural resources. The legitimacy of the litigation for ecological environmental damage is based on environmental supervision duties of the government and its departments, not the state ownership of natural resources. The legal nature of liability for ecological environmental damage compensation is public law responsibility, not private law responsibility. Regarding the issue of ecological restoration, “public law responsibility but private law operation” has caused many problems. “Public law responsibility and public law operation” conforms to the principle of environmental protection administrative power leading, judicial power supervision and extraterritorial experience. The path of “judicial supervision of ecological damage compensation” is that when the government and its departments investigate the administrative responsibility of the responsible person, they can adopt an administrative law enforcement mechanism through litigation for major cases. The ecological environment damage compensation lawsuit should be positioned as an administrative law enforcement lawsuit.