Aquatic product ranks first in China’s export advantage of agricultural products, and Sino-US aquatic product trade is an important component of China’s aquatic product trade. Sino-US strategic game has intensified, affecting the fishing industry. However, the first phase of the Sino-US economic and trade agreement has achieved certain results. In this context, analyzing the trade trends of aquatic products between the two countries and studying the influencing factors and trade potential of China’s aquatic products exported to the United States is of great significance. Based on the analysis of the trade scale and trade relationship of aquatic products between China and the United States, the stochastic frontier Gravity model is used to measure the trade efficiency and potential of China’s aquatic products exported to the United States, and the one-step method is used to analyze the influencing factors of aquatic products trade. The results show that the COVID-19 has caused the rise of logistics costs and the poor connection of the international supply chain, leading to the decline of the scale and complementarity of Sino-US aquatic products trade. The trade of China’s aquatic products exported to the United States is influenced by natural determining factors such as economic scale, market size, and geographical location, as well as subjective determining factors such as market regulatory quality, connectivity with global shipping networks, trade and transportation related infrastructure, and trade and commercial freedom. And in the context of the implementation of the first phase of the Sino-US economic and trade agreement and the alleviation of the epidemic, the scale, efficiency, and potential of trade have all improved. Therefore, we should strengthen cooperation in Sino-US aquatic product trade through policy and strategic dialogue, and overcome the negative impact of distance and liner transportation on China’s export trade by enhancing marine technology support capabilities. We should accelerate the application of modern information technology in shipping networks and port construction, utilize the advantages of digital China to improve trade efficiency, adjust the structure of aquatic product aquaculture, and increase trade potential through increment, quality improvement, and cost reduction.