Due to the complexity of modernization practices, it is of great significance to dialectically grasp the Chinese path to modernization by deeply analyzing its dialectical characteristics through the lens of dialectical materialism. The dialectical characteristics of the Chinese path to modernization can be mainly observed in three aspects. Firstly, at the level of guiding principles, it combines scientificity with the unity of values, following the laws of social development and realizing human liberation, promoting the development of productive forces and achieving common prosperity, and pursuing truth while wholeheartedly serving the people. Secondly, at the level of practical methods, it combines principle with flexibility, adhering to socialist principles while flexibly absorbing the advantages of capitalism, upholding the basic principles of Marxism while flexibly addressing practical problems, and adhering to the principle of independence while flexibly opening up to the outside world. Lastly, at the level of future development goals, it combines national characteristics with universality, inheriting Chinese cultural traditions while assimilating world modern civilization, grounding national development in reality while integrating into the world’s modernization, and achieving national rejuvenation while offering Chinese wisdom to the world. These characteristics highlight that the Chinese path to modernization has driven the innovative development of Marxist theory, provided correct guidance for China’s development, and explored the driving mechanism for sustainable development. It has also demonstrated an inclusive and innovative development model, promoted global peace and development, and provided valuable experiences and references for other developing countries. Moreover, it has showcased the unique charm of Chinese traditional culture, facilitated the development of diverse cultures, and offered new perspectives and inspirations for human civilization progress.