To promote prosperity for all, we need to raise the income of the low-income group and expand the size of the middle-income group. How to break down the types of rural low-income population and explore their effective income-generating paths has become an urgent problem, and a single perspective on labor skills cannot fundamentally solve the income-generating problem. Research on the low income of the rural low-income population from a labor perspective has found that the dual system of urban and rural areas, the “sharing” mechanism within rural areas, and the biological and social characteristics of the population have a combined effect on the “labor conditions” and “labor skills” of the rural population, resulting in the low-income status of some groups. Based on the combination of “labor skills-labor conditions”, the rural low-income population can be divided into three types: those with labor conditions and insufficient labor skills, those with strong labor skills and no labor conditions, and those with insufficient labor skills and no labor conditions. To promote the rural low-income population’s income increase, it is necessary to build a social protection network for manual laborers to maintain basic income. In capacity building, we should build an incremental human capital system with both basic and professional skills to promote sustainable income increase. In asset building, we should realize the harmony between large-scale agriculture and non-farm employment to release the potential of income increase. And in the aspect of optimal combination, it is necessary to implement a strategy of combining labor skills and labor conditions to strengthen the weak to form a synergy to increase income.