In the further comprehensive deepening of reforms and advancing Chinese path to modernization, developing new quality productivity is an important focal point to promote high-quality development. Digital transformation, which leverages digital technology, influences the formation and development of enterprises’ new quality productivity by empowering supply chain resilience. Based on panel data from listed companies in China from 2011 to 2022, we investigate the influence of digital transformation on the new quality productivity of enterprises and its underlying mechanism from the perspective of the supply chain. The results indicate that digital transformation can enhance the new quality productivity of enterprises, and this conclusion remains valid after a series of robustness tests and endogeneity analyses. Further heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effect of digital transformation on promoting new quality productivity is more significant in large enterprises, non-state-owned enterprises, enterprises in the eastern region, and high-tech industry enterprises. Mechanism testing results show that digital transformation effectively enhances the resilience of enterprise supply chains through two major pathways: improving supply chain efficiency and strengthening supply chain discourse power, thereby promoting the improvement of enterprises’ new quality productivity. This study enriches theoretical research on digital transformation and enterprises’ new quality productivity. It also offers practical guidance and feasible paths for enterprises to optimize supply chain management and enhance their new quality productivity through digital transformation according to local conditions.