Grassroots conflict governance serves as a cornerstone of national governance, maintaining social security, stability, and effective operations. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), under the guidance of top-level design, local governments have conducted extensive practical innovations centered on the prevention and resolution of grassroots conflicts. However, existing research predominantly relies on single-case studies and lacks a comprehensive analysis of grassroots conflict governance. The paper adopts the procedural rootedness theoretical approach and constructs an interpretative framework centered around “structure-process-function” based on 25 typical cases. It finds that driven by problem orientation and political impetus, a grassroots conflict governance structure, primarily characterized by Party-government integration with multi-stakeholder collaborative participation, has taken shape. The governance process, advancing along the “resource-capability-tool” dimensions, has effectively ensured the realization of governance functions including the improvement of governance effectiveness, the maintenance of social stability and order, and the enhancement of Party leadership. To further explain grassroots conflict governance in the new era, this paper conducts a deep analysis of practical patterns and summarizes underlying practical mechanisms such as inter-subject empowerment, institutionalization of governance, and elimination of the phenomenon of “suspension” from structural, procedural, and functional perspectives. In the comprehensive promotion of the modernization of grassroots conflict governance, ensuring the effective functioning of governance requires strengthening Party and government leadership and improving various procedural mechanisms.