The governance of an aging society embeds population aging within the broader context of national governance modernization, constituting a systematic governance framework to address population aging in the new era. As the primary mission in aging society governance, the high-quality development of elderly care services not only prioritizes service quality and efficiency, but also fundamentally emphasizes the construction and improvement of the elderly care service system. This broad understanding inevitably links it to the modernization of aging society governance. Guided by human-centric value objectives, characterized by holistic resource allocation and systemic coordination, and distinguished by technology-driven governance features, the high-quality development of elderly care services necessitates sustained reinforcement through three drivers: supply-side initiatives, demand-side stimuli, and policy-technological synergies. With dual objectives of fulfilling practical needs and achieving comprehensive human development, this approach requires leveraging market mechanisms to coordinate the coordinated development of elderly care programs and related industries. It further demands establishing virtuous interactions between institutions and technologies, systematically supporting the modernization of aging society governance. Through clarifying concepts and logical relationships, this paper examines challenges in the high-quality development of elderly care services, such as structural supply-demand imbalances constraining endogenous momentum, an “action-objective gap” resulting from insufficiently stimulated and unmet demands, and inadequate conversion of policy safeguards and technological support into governance effectiveness. During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, we should leverage China’s endowment advantages and the characteristics of elderly needs. By strengthening the government’s role in meta-governance, actively addressing and stimulating elderly care demands, and enhancing institutional innovation with technological empowerment, we will advance the high-quality development of elderly care services and energize the innovation vitality and endogenous momentum required for modernization. These efforts will continuously elevate the modernization of governance in an aging society, thereby providing stronger support for realizing Chinese modernization.