With the rapid development of information technology and its deep integration in the field of social governance, the social assistance system for low-income groups is undergoing a profound digital transformation. In this context, a “Personnel-Structure-Technology-Task” analytical framework is constructed based on the theory of sociotechnical systems (STS), focusing on the internal mechanism of digital technology empowering dynamic monitoring of low-income populations. By integrating theoretical deduction and practical observation, this paper delves into the application logic of digital technology in the dynamic monitoring of low-income populations and analyzes the limitations in its operation mode. This paper finds that the current monitoring system faces multiple structural challenges, such as the “reverse domestication” of technology on human behavior, obstacles to organizational collaboration driven by data, insufficient dynamism of technology-tool integration, and embedded difficulties like “monitoring gaps” in normalized assistance. The accuracy and timeliness of dynamic monitoring systems in identifying vulnerable groups need to be improved. Therefore, from the dual perspectives of technology and society, it is necessary to promote a transformation of the assistance logic from instrumental rationality to value rationality. A balance point between the two is found in the dynamic monitoring system, and systematic optimization paths are proposed, including building a new pattern of collaborative assistance for low-income populations, improving the “monitoring-warning-assistance” closed-loop system, developing intelligent warning algorithms, and building a comprehensive data-driven monitoring network. These strategies not only provide theoretical support and practical guidance for improving the dynamic monitoring efficiency of low-income populations but also have important significance in promoting the development of social assistance services towards precision, efficiency, and normalization, and provide references for improving the social security system in the new era.