Current carbon emission reduction efforts in China primarily focus on key emitters, with relatively low participation from individual citizens. With the development and application of new technologies like big data and blockchain, the Pilot Household Carbon Emission Reduction (PHCER) system, as an implementation mechanism enabling citizens to directly engage in carbon trading activities, verifies and provides incentives for the green behaviors of individuals aimed at reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks. In practice, factors, including inconsistent identification and quantification standards for PHCER behaviors, an incomplete PHCER trading system, and conflicts between the utilization of carbon footprint data and user information protection, undermine the stability of the realization of individual carbon emission reduction rights and interests within PHCER activities. To address the aforementioned issues, this paper conducts research from the perspectives of legal structure and implementation mechanisms. In terms of the nature of rights and interests, it is advocated that the citizens’ carbon emission reduction rights and interests are centered on the right to development, emphasizing their basic human rights attribute as an individual’s equal participation in the low-carbon development process. In terms of the composition of legal relations, it is characterized by data property rights and defined as a new type of property rights with personal carbon footprint data as the object. On this basis, a systematic implementation mechanism based on the “bundle of interests” model is constructed, mainly including: (1) a data circulation guarantee mechanism, which enhances top-level design, establishes a conversion pathway from “scenario-based carbon points” to “project-based carbon credits”, and develops graded and classified data collection standards; (2) a benefit distribution mechanism, which constructs a multi-layered incentive system encompassing individuals, enterprises, and the government, and explores cross-regional mutual recognition and trading of carbon points; (3) a security governance mechanism, which distinguishes between countable and non-countable carbon information and balances data utilization with privacy protection. Through the synergistic operation of these mechanisms, the public’s intrinsic motivation for emission reduction can be activated, thereby providing a jurisprudential foundation for establishing a voluntary carbon emission reduction trading market with citizen participation in China.