China’s unique “family culture” profoundly influences residents’ consumption behavior, constituting a crucial micro-level factor in the strategy to expand domestic demand. Enhancing household consumption resilience is vital for stabilizing domestic demand and strengthening the economic system’s capacity to withstand uncertain shocks. Based on the longitudinal data from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), this study employs the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method to construct a comprehensive household consumption resilience index. It empirically examines the impact of the aging household structure (household aging) on consumption resilience and its underlying mechanisms through a two-way fixed effects model. The results indicate that household aging exerts a significant negative effect on consumption resilience, primarily through reducing household consumption capacity, suppressing household consumption willingness, and solidifying household consumption patterns. The threshold effect tests show that the impact of household aging on consumption resilience is nonlinear, and heterogeneity analysis reveals that the resilience loss is more pronounced among retired households and elderly households in western China. Further research reveals that households with elderly members who enjoy good health, receive intergenerational economic support, and are re-employed after retirement can effectively offset the negative impacts of population aging. Therefore, it is necessary to actively explore the scientific connotation of investing in human capital in the era of longevity, implement a full-age, inclusive employment promotion strategy for workers to consolidate consumption capacity, improve the social security system, and effectively manage uncertainty risks for aging households to enhance consumption confidence, and guide the integrated development of the silver market and the household economy to optimize consumption structures. It helps continuously repair and enhance household consumption resilience, and strengthen the endogenous driving force for the domestic economic cycle.