The worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era are the fundamental guidelines for combining the basic principles of Marxism with the excellent traditional Chinese culture. Adhering to a problem-oriented approach is a crucial method throughout, possessing a profound scientific theoretical foundation. It represents the valuable experience of the Communist Party of China leading the people of all ethnic groups in a century of struggle, and is a practical necessity for summarizing experience, exploring the unknown, and discovering truth in the process of the Party’s theoretical innovation. Promoting the effective integration of the basic principles of Marxism with the excellent traditional Chinese culture should be guided by the questions of China, the world, the people, and the times (the “Four Questions”). The “Four Questions” are essentially practical, but their focuses differ. Facing the question of China, we must consider how to maintain and develop Chinese characteristics in building an independent Chinese knowledge system in the new era, and clearly promote the theoretical innovation of Marxism with a Chinese style. Facing the question of the world, we must consider how to find a way out amidst global changes and dedicate ourselves to the cause of the progress of human civilization. Facing the question of the people, we must consider how to extract theoretical innovations from the creative practices of the people and pay attention to the diverse new needs of the masses. Facing the question of the times, we must consider how to continuously develop Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and write a new chapter in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism. In scientifically answering the “Four Questions”, we must clarify the “four major themes” of promoting the integration of the basic principles of Marxism with the excellent traditional Chinese culture, explore the practical orientation of this integration in a targeted manner, continuously promote the Party’s theoretical innovation, and guide the construction of Chinese modernization with the Party’s innovative theories.